Python Math Module

The math module in Python provides a set of functions for performing mathematical operations, such as trigonometric functions, logarithms, and constant values like pi and e. This module is especially useful for mathematical and scientific computing.

Overview of the Math Module

The math module is part of Python's standard library, and it provides mathematical functions that are often needed in applications that involve scientific computations, engineering tasks, or data analysis.
Some of the most common functions in the math module include those for basic arithmetic operations, trigonometric functions, exponentiation, logarithms, and constants such as pi and Euler's number (e). The module also provides ways to handle complex numbers, rounding, and factorials.

Common Functions in the Math Module

• math.sqrt(x): Returns the square root of x.
• math.pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power of y.
• math.sin(x): Returns the sine of x, where x is in radians.
• math.cos(x): Returns the cosine of x, where x is in radians.
• math.factorial(x): Returns the factorial of x.
• math.log(x, base): Returns the logarithm of x to the given base.
• math.radians(x): Converts an angle x from degrees to radians.
• math.degrees(x): Converts an angle x from radians to degrees.
• math.e: A constant representing Euler’s number (2.718...).
• math.pi: A constant representing the value of pi (3.141...).

1. Square Root and Power

The math.sqrt(x) function computes the square root of a given number x, while the math.pow(x, y) function calculates x raised to the power of y.

import math
# Example: Using math.sqrt and math.pow
print(math.sqrt(16))  
print(math.pow(2, 3))  
            

2. Trigonometric Functions

The math.sin(x) and math.cos(x) functions calculate the sine and cosine of the angle x, which should be provided in radians. You can convert degrees to radians using the math.radians(x) function.

import math
# Example: Using math.sin and math.cos
angle_in_degrees = 30
angle_in_radians = math.radians(angle_in_degrees)

print(math.sin(angle_in_radians)) 
print(math.cos(angle_in_radians))  
            

3. Factorial and Logarithm

The math.factorial(x) function computes the factorial of a non-negative integer x. The math.log(x, base) function returns the logarithm of x with a given base.

import math
# Example: Using math.factorial and math.log
print(math.factorial(5))  
print(math.log(100, 10))  
            

4. Constants

The math module provides the mathematical constants math.pi and math.e, representing the values of pi and Euler’s number respectively.

import math
# Example: Using math.pi and math.e
print(math.pi)  
print(math.e)   
            

5. Rounding Functions

The math module includes functions for rounding numbers, such as math.ceil(x) for rounding up and math.floor(x) for rounding down.

import math
# Example: Using math.ceil and math.floor
print(math.ceil(3.7)) 
print(math.floor(3.7))  
            

The math module is an essential tool for performing mathematical computations in Python. Whether you're dealing with basic arithmetic or more advanced topics like trigonometry and logarithms, this module offers a wide range of useful functions and constants.